Neste trabalho, é proposta a discussão das possibilidades da educação como agente normalizador ou libertador dentro do sistema biopolítico de manutenção do capitalismo, sob o domínio do qual vivemos desde os últimos séculos. Há que se considerar ainda o surgimento da pedagogia nesse contexto histórico-social e a sua utilização como um poder-saber que age também em função da normalização.

O artigo aborda a calamidade pandêmica da COVID-19 a partir de um enfoque que conecta perspectivas filosóficas, políticas e econômicas na compreensão desse caos global. Disposições éticas são analisadas na tentativa de se mitigar os efeitos deletérios da pandemia na vida humana, assim como os fatores governamentais e corporativos que impedem maior capacidade de enfrentamento da COVID-19, para maior prejuízo da humanidade.

O objetivo desse trabalho é relacionar os três princípios, ou prazeres, estéticos de um videogame, isto é, imersão, agência, transformação, com o summum bonum e as categorias fenomenológicas de Charles S. Peirce. O summum bonum pode ser entendido como uma mistura entre sentimento, ação e razão. Os sentimentos, ações e pensamentos do jogador são responsáveis pela concretização e ampliação desse horizonte estético. A imersão é um princípio estético de primeiridade. Podemos entender o ato de imergir como um prazer de primeiridade (...) – pois o jogador, metaforicamente e literalmente, vai para outro lugar, estando sem relação com o que está fora da imersão. O princípio estético da agência é regido pela secundidade. Obtém-se prazer em forçar-se contra o mundo do jogo, controlando-o mecanicamente, agindo e reagindo. Todos os jogos possuem secundidade, mas os jogos de competição, lutas, corridas, e mesmo alguns RPGs online, possuem características marcantes de força mecânica, embate, ação e reação. O terceiro e último princípio estético é a transformação. A transformação é um processo. Jogos que permitem diferentes abordagens costumam ser jogos em que há um processo de crescimento, tanto na questão do gameplay quanto da própria narrativa do jogo. O mundo do jogo e o personagem vão se transformando em algo diferente no decorrer do tempo – há uma evolução, e essa evolução é caracterizada como um fenômeno de terceiridade. Concluiu-se que, embora todos os videogames tenham esses três princípios estéticos, cada jogo individual privilegia um ou dois desses princípios. É justamente esses princípios estéticos que direcionarão a escolha do que vai ser jogado, muito mais do que a temática ou o gênero desse jogo. (shrink)

In this paper, we focus on some misconceptions about Critical Pragmatics, what it is, what it assumes and what it proposes. Doubtless, some of these misconceptions are due to clumsy writing on our part; perhaps others are due to inattentive reading. And some may be due to an effort to shield us from the apparent implausibility of what we said—and in fact meant. It does not matter much. We focus on those misunderstandings that most matter to us, either because, by (...) repetition, they have ended up being annoying, even if they are not, perhaps, that important; or because they are substantial enough to represent a distortion of the basic picture of Critical Pragmatics and its theoretical foundations, namely, Critical Referentialism—also known as the Reflexive-referential Theory—and, more generally, Perry’s fundamental views on meaning and content(s). (shrink)

Neste artigo analisaremos o problema existencial do consumismo a partir da análise de Zygmunt Bauman e de autores cujas reflexões favoreceram uma frutífera interlocução intelectual, destacando assim a pertinência de tal interpretação ao revelar como a existência humana, na sociedade contemporânea, se encontra submetida aos parâmetros normativos do consumo social.

Neste artigo analisamos o estatuto da compaixão na filosofia de Schopenhauer, e de que modo tal experiência ocorre na ação prática humana desembocando em ações justas e caritativas, mediante a compreensão da unidade metafísica que perpassa todos os seres humanos, para além das limitações fenomênicas próprias do princípio de individuação. Veremos ainda implicações de tal perspectiva na relação do ser humano com o mundo circundante, especificamente no trato aos animais.

The free church: Some comments on the origins and contents of this idea.In 1859 fifteen members of the then established Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk in the ZAR notified the Synod of that church that they were relinquishing their membership of the said church to form their own free church. Thus the first Afrikaans free church was formed. In this study the history of the idea of the free church is traced to independentistic tendencies in English puritanism which found its way to (...) the Dutch Nadere Reformatie. From there the idea was carried forward by the Moravians and implanted in the European Réveil. Within the climate, created by the Réveil, the 1834 schism took place in the Netherlands. From this Dutch free church the idea was brought to the ZAR. The contents of the idea are briefly examined and contrasted with the idea of the established church based on the covenant. (shrink)

Singular terms without referents are called empty or vacuous terms. But not all of them are equally empty. In particular, not all proper names that fail to name an existing object fail in the same way: although they are all empty, they are not all equally vacuous. “Vulcan,” “Jacob Horn,” “Odysseus,” and “Sherlock Holmes,” for instance, are all empty. They have no referents. But they are not entirely vacuous or useless. Sometimes they are used in statements that are true or (...) false. We are basically referentialists about proper names. The ordinary semantic function of a proper name is to refer to an object, and to do it directly, that is, without semantically providing any identifying condition that the object should meet to be the referent. To put it differently, we agree that statements containing proper names express singular propositions, i.e., that their truth-conditions involve the referent of the proper name, if it exists, and not any identifying condition of it. Now, since empty names lack a referent, and therefore would not express such a singular proposition, how do we explain that many, if not all, statements containing them have a truth-value? Answering this question for the case of fictional names, in particular, is the aim of this paper. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende abordar a importância do ensino de Filosofia para a formação intelectual do jovem estudante, pelo fato de possibilitar o desenvolvimento do senso crítico nas suas mais diversas manifestações. Ressalto também o caráter de criatividade que está presente na reflexão filosófica, pois tal prática se consolida como uma doação de significados e valores por parte daquele que filosofa.

Volume 20, Issue 10, October 2020, Page 7-9.

The physician of fifty years ago is barely recognizable today. Rural, autonomous, and isolated, he did everything from mending broken bones to pronouncing people dead. He was responsible for a well-circumscribed community, who came to him for all their medical needs, regardless of the hour.

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar a correlação entre o programa logicista fregeano de fundamentação da aritmética, o neologicismo de Crispin Wright e os chamados princípios de abstração. Minha tese é que uma análise geral de princípios de abstração, do ponto de vista lógico e explanatório, é mais basilar que o projeto de fundamentação da aritmética na forma como ele foi proposto pelo logicismo. Isso fica evidente através do fato de que o fracasso do programa logicista esteve intimamente ligado (...) à imprecisão e inconsistência no uso de procedimento de abstração. (shrink)

In these short comments, I concentrate mostly on the discussion about belief retention, about Frege’s dilemma concerning sentences containing temporal indexical expressions and about the problems of cognitive significance it raises. I argue that Bozickovic’s interpretation of Perry’s proposals (both of the 70’s proposal and of its later developments) is not accurate. I offer an account of these problems that I take to be congenial with Perry’s own explanation and which I think might complement Bozickovic’s own proposal.

Contemporary regulation of food safety incorporates principles of quality management and systemic performance objectives that used to characterize private standards. Conversely, private standards are covering ground that used to be the realm of regulation. The nature of the two is becoming increasingly indistinguishable. The case study of the Ugandan fish export industry highlights how management methods borrowed from private standards can be applied to public regulation to achieve seemingly conflicting objectives. In the late 1990s, the EU imposed repeated bans on (...) fish imported from Uganda on the basis of food safety concerns. However, the EU did not provide scientific proof that the fish were actually “unsafe.” Rather, the poor performance of Uganda’s regulatory and monitoring system was used as justification. Only by fixing “the system” and performing the ritual of laboratory testing for all consignments for export to the EU did the Ugandan industry regain its status as a “safe” source of fish. Yet, gaps and inconsistencies abound in the current Ugandan fish safety management system. Some operations are by necessity carried out as “rituals of verification.” Given the importance of microbiological tests and laboratories in the compliance system, “alchemic rituals” provide an appropriate metaphor. These rituals are part and parcel of a model that reassures the EU fish-eating public that all is under control in Uganda from boat to point of export. As a consequence, actual non-compliance from boat to landing site allows the fishery to survive as an artisanal operation. (shrink)

Presentation of Dossier Gender and Antiquity: problems and methods.

RESUMO Uma das críticas mais contundentes ao argumento de Hume contrário ao status a priori ou logicamente verdadeiro da máxima causal - a de que todo evento deve ter uma causa - é a de Anscombe. Ela critica a passagem de Hume da contingência das associações causais particulares - que este evento deva ter esta causa - para a contingência de qualquer causa - que este evento tenha que ter alguma causa. Meu objetivo é defendê-lo da sua crítica, argumentando que (...) o raciocínio de Hume depende de premissas anteriores do “Tratado da Natureza Humana”, particularmente da sua filosofia da percepção e da sua filosofia do tempo. A apreciação dessas premissas torna o seu argumento mais interessante e menos vulnerável às considerações de Anscombe. ABSTRACT One of the most incisive criticisms of Hume’s argument against the causal maxim - that every event must have a cause - a priori or logically true status comes from Anscombe. She criticizes Hume’s inference from the contingency of particular causal associations - that this event must have this cause - to the contingency of any cause - that this event must have any cause. My aim is to defend him from her criticism, arguing that Hume’s reasoning depends on earlier premises of the “Treatise of Human Nature”, particularly its philosophy of perception and philosophy of time. An appreciation of these premises makes his arguments more interesting and less vulnerable to Anscombe’s considerations. (shrink)

O racismo é um dos problemas sociais que mais interferem nas relações cotidianas do ser humano, principalmente, no que diz respeito à população negra. Esse problema implica em sérias consequências no convívio entre as pessoas, gerando a necessidade de que intervenções sejam realizadas em âmbitos sociais para consciência e respeito mútuo, reconhecendo e valorizando diferenças raciais. A Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais, que tem como pilar a Lei 10.639/2003, é uma das bases para que a temática étnico-racial possa ser discutida na (...) escola como forma de combate à práticas retrogradas de racismo e ideologias de superioridade de raças. Esse estudo de caso, realizado no interior da Bahia no Ensino Médio, teve como objetivo entender como tem sido a abordagem étnico-racial no ambiente e sua influência no cotidiano dos envolvidos. Observou-se que alunos e educadores têm percepções diferentes sobre o tratamento despendido ao negro no ambiente escolar; que a escola não tem feito inferências significativas sobre a temática; que falta conhecimento sobre as diretrizes para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais; dentre outros. A partir dos achados verifica-se que faltam intervenções educacionais e formação profissional para abordagem discursiva e prática sobre a temática racial no ambiente. Palavras-chave: Educação; Ensino Médio; Relações Raciais; Racismo. (shrink)

What is Religion? What is religious community? How religion is seen today? Is religion relevant nowadays? And what do people pray for? This article intends to make a brief analysis of the relevance of religion before actual problems. Therefore, the method used is the case study taken in a Social Project that welcomes children who were victims of abuse.

This paper presents an approach to the belief system based on a computational framework in three levels: first, the logic level with the definition of binary local rules, second, the arithmetic level with the definition of recursive functions and finally the behavioural level with the definition of a recursive construction pattern. Social communication is achieved when different beliefs are expressed, modified, propagated and shared through social nets. This approach is useful to mimic the belief system because the defined functions provide (...) different ways to process the same incoming information as well as a means to propagate it. Our model also provides a means to cross different beliefs so, any incoming information can be processed many times by the same or different functions as it occurs is social nets. (shrink)

A fresh approach to learning Sanskrit aimed specifically at the TT and serious yoga student market and based in an original combination of traditional pedagogy (oral instruction and textual memorization) and academic linguistics (grammar and syntax) and utilizing central yoga texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and Yoga Sutras.

Auguste Comte et William Whewell sont contemporains. Tous les deux ont écrit sur de nombreux sujets : histoire et philosophie des sciences, astronomie, mécanique, philosophie morale et réflexions sur l’éducation. Leurs œuvres de philosophie des sciences sont parmi les plus importantes du XIXe siècle. Mais si celle du premier a marqué le siècle, celle du second n’a fait que de timides apparitions. C’est probablement par John Stuart Mill, à la fois disciple et sectateur de Comte et farouche opposant de Whewell, (...) que les deux philosophes ont connu chacun l’œuvre de l’autre. Leurs œuvres présentent des ressemblances dans la démarche et dans la méthode mais elles s’opposent sur de nombreuses questions de fond. On cherche à montrer la grandeur du philosophe britannique à qui l’histoire n’a pas fait la place que l’immensité de son œuvre aurait dû lui valoir.Auguste Comte and William Whewell are contemporaries. Both wrote on numerous topics : i.e. history, philosophy of sciences astronomy, mechanics, moral philosophy and thoughts on education. Their works are among the most important ones of the 19th century. But whereas those of the former left their mark on the century, those of the latter were but rather shyly prominent. It is most probably through John Stuart Mill, both a disciple and worshipper of Comte’s whilst a fierce opponent of Whewell’s that both philosophers both came across each other’s works. Both their works are similar in the methodological approach but they differ greatly on fundamental topics. One aims at showing the greatness of the British philosopher to whom history never gave the reputation he should have been granted by his works. (shrink)

Before being considered as independent fields, business cycles and productivity growth had long been regarded as closely interrelated dynamics. Growth and cycles theories and models developed independently. On one side, the growth analysis developed analyzing the existence and stability of a long-run deterministic growth path. On the other side, business cycles theory focused on the understanding of detrended data movements considering growth as an exogenous trend, independent of the cycle. This dichotomy is still present in the modern literature. _Business Cycles (...) and Growth Theory_ examines the role of monetary and financial factors in growth cycles dynamics interaction. It offers new perspectives for modelling growth cycles dynamics underlining the possibility of building an 'incomplete business cycles theory', as well as highlighting the existence of a convergence between the last theoretical developments of both growth and business cycles literatures. A significant read, this book demonstrates that such a convergence can provide benchmarks for a new paradigm of models in which endogenous growth mechanism, because it offers a strong propagation for shocks, can be the core of a new business cycles dynamics. (shrink)

« M. Rougier, however, has been an independent contributor to logical empiricism in his own right. (...) In Paralogismes du Rationalisme he anticipated Carnap’s Scheinprobleme with an unequalled wealth of examples »« (...) Pascal introduced a distinction between l’esprit de géométrie and l’esprit de finesse. M. Rougier in his magisterial work [Traité de la connaissance] has expounded the method of geometry with a fitness of insight that is almost unique in the experience of this reviewer. »V....

« M. Rougier, however, has been an independent contributor to logical empiricism in his own right. (...) In Paralogismes du Rationalisme he anticipated Carnap’s Scheinprobleme with an unequalled wealth of examples »« (...) Pascal introduced a distinction between l’esprit de géométrie and l’esprit de finesse. M. Rougier in his magisterial work [Traité de la connaissance] has expounded the method of geometry with a fitness of insight that is almost unique in the experience of this reviewer. »V....

But We're American… The presence of American Exceptionalism in the Speeches of George W. Bush This paper defines American exceptionalism as the notion held by Americans that their country is unique and has a specific role to play in the world. The origins of this notion are traced to 17th century Puritan settlers, who used the metaphor of being "a city upon a hill" to highlight their position as a moral example to the rest of the world. This element from (...) a sacral religion was transformed during the founding of the United States into an element of civil religion, and as such the metaphor and concept of American exceptionalism received a political connotation. The rise of America's political power coincided with a more active role in world politics, which was backed with a rhetoric emphasising unity and America's unique role. The clash between the passive and the more active reading of the exceptionalist metaphor and the struggles between sacral and civil religion coincide during the presidency of George W. Bush. The presence of these elements of political rhetoric is surveyed in a corpus of speeches by President Bush. (shrink)